Lecture Material

Week 1

Aug. 28 - Origin of the Earth

Lecture summary
The nebular hypothesis (fig.)
The iron catastrophe (fig.)
Formation of the atmosphere (fig.)

Aug. 30 - Earth's Internal Structure 1

Lecture summary
The earth's interior - Fig. 2.5
Seismic profile of the crust and upper mantle - Fig. 2.7

Week 2

Sept. 4 - Earth's Internal Structure 2

Lecture summary
Reflection and refraction of seismic waves - Figs. 2.1, 2.2 and 2.4.
P vs S waves - Fig. 7.3
P-wave and S-wave shadow zones - Figs. 2.8 and 2.9
Earth's Magnetic field - Fig. 2.21

Sept. 6 - Evidence for Earth's Internal Structure

Lecture summary
Reversals of the Earth's magnetic field - Figs. 2.22 and 2.23
Meteorites - Box on p. 33
Xenoliths - Box on p.31
The lithosphere and asthenosphere - Fig. 2.7
Isostatic equilibrium - Fig. 2.11

Week 3

Sept. 9 - Features of the Seafloor

Lecture summary
Profile of the seafloor - Fig. 3.6
Transition from the continental to the oceanic crust - Fig. 3.8
A submarine canyon - Fig. 3.9
Grand Banks Cable Break - Fig. 3.11
The mid-ocean ridge - Fig. 3.15
An excellent map of the seafloor. Note all the features discussed in class - Fig. 3.16

Sept. 11 - Plate Tectonics- Continental Drift

Lecture summary
Break-up of Pangea - Fig. 4.2
Continental fit and rock matches between So. America and Africa - Fig. 4.11
Ice flow directions - Fig. 4.3
Apparent polar wander curves for Europe and No. America - Fig. 4.10

Sept. 13 - Plate Tectonics- Seafloor Spreading

Lecture summary
Magnetic anomalies in the ocean - Fig. 4.14
Origin of magnetic anomalies
The origin of fracture zones and transform faults - Fig. 4.20
Distribution of volcanoes, earthquakes and mountain belts relative to plate boundarites - CD ROM- case studies
Hot Spots - Fig. 4.47
Hawaiian Island volcanic chain - Fig. 4.48

Week 4

Sept. 16 - Plate Tectonics- Plate Boundaries

Lecture summary
Ocean crust and ophiolites - Fig. 3.25
Divergent boundaries - Fig. 4.22
Ocean-Continent convergent boundaries - Fig. 4.33

Week 5

Sept. 23 - Plate Tectonics - Plate Boundaries (cont)

Lecture summary
Ocean-ocean convergence - Fig. 4.29
Trench migration - Fig. 4.32
Continent-continent convergence - Fig. 4.34
Vertical offsets along tranform boundaries - Fig. 3.18

Sept. 25 - Mountain Building and Continental Growth

Lecture summary
The craton - Fig. 5.4
Distribution of the Canadian Shield - Fig. 5.4
Terranes along the western margin of North America - Fig. 5.19
Emplacement of a terrane in Alaska - Fig. 5.20
The Appalachian Mountain Belt - handout
Formation of the Appalachians - handout

Sept. 27 - The Appalachian and Cordilleran Mountain Belts

Lecture summary
The Appalachian Mountain Belt - handout
Formation of the Appalachians - handout
The Cordillera Orogenic Belt - handout
Basin and Range block faulting - Fig. 5.9

Week 6

Sept. 30 - Mechanisms of Plate Motions and Geologic Deformation

Lecture summary
Ridge Push - Fig. 4.39
Slab Pull - Fig. 4.40
Collisional stress and strain - Fig. 6.2
Tensional stress and strain - Fig. 6.3
Shear stress - Fig. 6.4

Oct. 2 - Plate Tectonics and Deformation/Earthquakes

Lecture summary
Example of large folds- Fig. 6.20c
Types of folds - Fig. 6.19
Normal faults - Fig. 6.25
Reverse faults - Fig. 6.27
Earthquake focus and epicenter in 3-D - Fig. 7.2
Seismograph - Fig. 7.5
Seismograph record and locating an epicenter- Fig. 7.8

Oct. 4 - Earthquakes 2

Lecture summary
First Motion Studies - Fig. 7.24 and 7.25
Modified Mercalli Scale - Table 7.2
Effect of rock type on earthquake intensity - Fig. 1.3
Effect of liquifaction on earthquake resistant structure - Fig. 7.14b
Generation of tsunamis - Fig. 7.18

Week 7

Oct. 7 - Earthquakes 3

Lecture summary
Seismic Gaps - Box 7.3
Showed slides of folds and faults

Oct. 9 - Geologic Time 1

Lecture summary
Using fossil assemblages to determine relative ages - Fig. 8.15
The geologic time scale - Box 8.2

Week 8

Oct. 14 - Geologic Time 2

Lecture summary
Geologic Time Scale - Table 8.2
Cretaceous/Tertiary extinction event - Box 8.1
Radioactive decay of Rb

Oct. 16 - Geologic Time 3 Plus Mineralogy

Oct. 18 - Mineralogy

Week 9

Oct. 21 - Mineralogy- 2

Lecture summary
Arrangement of silicon and oxygen to form a silica tetrahedra- Fig. 9.7
The effect of sharing an oxygen between ywo silica tetrahedra- Fig. 9.8
Diagrammatic representation ofcommon silicate structures- Fig. 9.9
Diagram of an olivine structure- made up of isolated tetrahedra and cations- Fig. 9.10
Diagram of a single chain silicate structure- Fig. 9.11
The rock cycle- Fig. 9.26

Oct. 23 - Intrusive Igneous Rocks- 1

Oct. 25 - Review for exam

Week 10

Oct. 28 - Exam 2

Oct. 30 - Movie on Mount Pinatubo

Nov. 1 - Intrusive Rocks- 2

Week 11

Nov. 4 - Intrusive Igneous Rocks- 3/Extrusive Igneous Rocks- 1

Lecture summary
A hotspot mantle plume- Fig. 10.21
Magma generation at an ocean-continent convergent boundary- Fig. 10.22
Details of felsic magma generation at an ocean-continent convergent boundary- Fig. 10.23
An example of magma diapers- Fig. 10.11
Ship Rock NM, a volcanic neck- Fig. 10.6
Dikes and sills- Fig. 10.7
Distribution of California granite batholiths- App. G (red)

Nov. 6 - Extrusive Igneous Rocks- 2

Lecture summary
Mt. St. Helens eruption- Box 11.1, Fig. 2
Shield volcano- Fig. 11.18
Pahoehoe basaltic lava flow- Fig. 11.19
Aa basaltic lava flow- Fig. 11.20
Columbia Plateau basalts- Fig. 11.31
Distribution of Columbia River Flood Basalts- App. G (orange)
Pillow lavas- Fig. 11.33 and 11.34
Composite volcano- Fig. 11.23 and 11.24

Nov. 8 - Metamorphic Rocks

Lecture by Dr. Perfit- no notes available

Week 12

Nov. 11 - Veteran's Day- No Class

Nov. 13 - Wrap up of Metamorphic Rocks/ Weathering - 1

Lecture summary
Metamorphic Index Minerals- Box 15.2
Metamorphic Facies- Box 15.3
Migmatite- Fig. 15.4
Diagram of the rock cycle- on opening pages to chapters 10 - 15
Examples of differential weathering- Fig. 12.4, 12.5, and 12.6
Diagram of freeze/thaw- Fig. 12.7

Nov. 15 - Weathering - 2

Lecture summary
Example of biological weathering- Fig. 12.13
Exfoliation due to pressure release- Fig. 12.10 and 12.11
Hematite staining in rocks- Fig. 12.15
Soil profile- Fig. 12.17

Week 13

Nov. 18 - Mass Wasting/ Sedimentary Rocks- 1

Lecture summary
The effect of water in sand- Fig. 13.3
Changes to a hillside that make it vulnerable to mass wasting- Fig. 13.17
Retaining walls- Fig. 13.18
Positioning of a stable road cut in relationship to planes of weakness- Fig. 13.19
Removal of rock on hillside above planes of weakness- Fig. 13.20
Stitching to prevent sliding- Fig. 13.21
Nominclature for clastic particles- Table 14.1

Nov. 20 - Review

Nov. 22 - Exam 3

Week 14

Nov. 25 - Sedimentary Rocks- 1

Lecture summary
Sorting by a river- Fig. 14.2
Lithification of sand grains by pressure and cementation- Fig. 14.6
Lithification of shale and orientation of grains- Fig. 14.15
Crystalline texure with no porosity in a chemical rock- Fig. 14.7

Nov. 27 - Sedimentary Rocks- 2

Lecture summary
Coquina- and example of a coarse grained limestone- Fig. 14.17
Algal plants that rpoduce fine grained calcite particles- Fig. 20
Chalk- an example of a fine grained limestone- Fig. 14.21
Examples of poorly sorted limestones- Fig. 14.19
Sedimentary bedding- Fig. 14.26
Cross bedding- Fig. 14.27
Formation of cross bedding- Fig. 14.28
Mudcracks- Fig. 14.31
Ripple formation- Fig. 14.32
Descriptions of depositional environments- pg. 320-322

Nov. 29 - Stuff yourself on leftovers

Week 15

Dec. 2 - Streams- 1

Lecture summary
Longitudunal and cross seectional profiles of streams- Fig. 16.1
Changes in stream gradient- Fig. 16.7 to 16.9
Variations in velocity within a stream- Fig. 16.6
Erosion and deposition in a meandering stream- Fig. 16.24
Oxbow lakes- Fig. 16.24 to 16.26
Channel shape and velocity- Fig. 16.10
Variations in channel width related to rock type- Fig. 16.11
The Mississippi Drainage Basin- Fig. 16.3

Dec. 4 - Streams- 2

Lecture summary
Sheetwash and farmland erosion- Box 16.1
Effect of urbanization on stream discharge- Box 16.3
Erosion by hydraulic action- Fig. 16.12
Stream transoprtation- Fig. 16.15

Dec. 6 - Streams- 3

Lecture summary
Braided streams- Fig. 16.19 and 16.20
Migration of meanders- Fig. 16.23 and 16.28
Oxbow Lakes- Fig. 16.24 - 16.26
Flood Plain deposits- Fig. 16.28 and 16.29
Deltas- Fig. 16.31
Alluvial Fans- Fig. 16.33
Downcutting- Fig. 16.35
Lateral erosion- Fig. 16.39
How streams cut through mountains- Box 16.4

Week 16

Dec. 9 - Groundwaters- 1

Lecture summary
The hydrologic cycle- Fig. 17.1
Saturated and unsaturated zones- Fig. 17.2
Perched water tables- Fig. 17.3
Movement of ground water- Fig. 17.4a

Dec. 11- Groundwaters- 2

Lecture summary
Unconfined aquifer- Fig. 17.2 and 17.4
Cone of depression due to pumping- Fig. 17.11
Confined aquifer- Fige. 17.13
Saltwater intrusion- Fig. 17.19
Groundwater pollution- Fig. 17.16 and 17.18
Karstic Topography- Fig. 17.23
Cave formation- Fig. 17.20

Lecture Material

Table of Contents

Week 1 Aug. 28 - Origin of the Earth

Lecture summary The nebular hypothesis (fig.) The iron catastrophe (fig.) Formation of the atmosphere (fig.)

Aug. 30 - Earth's Internal Structure 1 Lecture summary The earth's interior - Fig. 2.5 Seismic profile of the crust and upper mantle - Fig. 2.7

Lecture summary The earth's interior - Fig. 2.5 Seismic profile of the crust and upper mantle - Fig. 2.7

Week 2 Sept. 4 - Earth's Internal Structure 2

Lecture summary Reflection and refraction of seismic waves - Figs. 2.1, 2.2 and 2.4. P vs S waves - Fig. 7.3 P-wave and S-wave shadow zones - Figs. 2.8 and 2.9 Earth's Magnetic field - Fig. 2.21

Sept. 6 - Evidence for Earth's Internal Structure

Lecture summary Reversals of the Earth's magnetic field - Figs. 2.22 and 2.23 Meteorites - Box on p. 33 Xenoliths - Box on p.31 The lithosphere and asthenosphere - Fig. 2.7 Isostatic equilibrium - Fig. 2.11

Week 3 Sept. 9 - Features of the Seafloor

Lecture summary Profile of the seafloor - Fig. 3.6 Transition from the continental to the oceanic crust - Fig. 3.8 A submarine canyon - Fig. 3.9 Grand Banks Cable Break - Fig. 3.11 The mid-ocean ridge - Fig. 3.15 An excellent map of the seafloor. Note all the features discussed in class - Fig. 3.16

Sept. 11 - Plate Tectonics- Continental Drift

Lecture summary Break-up of Pangea - Fig. 4.2 Continental fit and rock matches between So. America and Africa - Fig. 4.11 Ice flow directions - Fig. 4.3 Apparent polar wander curves for Europe and No. America - Fig. 4.10

Sept. 13 - Plate Tectonics- Seafloor Spreading

Week 4 Sept. 16 - Plate Tectonics- Plate Boundaries

Lecture summary Ocean crust and ophiolites - Fig. 3.25 Divergent boundaries - Fig. 4.22 Ocean-Continent convergent boundaries - Fig. 4.33

Week 5 Sept. 23 - Plate Tectonics - Plate Boundaries (cont)

Lecture summary Ocean-ocean convergence - Fig. 4.29 Trench migration - Fig. 4.32 Continent-continent convergence - Fig. 4.34 Vertical offsets along tranform boundaries - Fig. 3.18

Sept. 25 - Mountain Building and Continental Growth

Lecture summary The craton - Fig. 5.4 Distribution of the Canadian Shield - Fig. 5.4 Terranes along the western margin of North America - Fig. 5.19 Emplacement of a terrane in Alaska - Fig. 5.20 The Appalachian Mountain Belt - handout Formation of the Appalachians - handout

Sept. 27 - The Appalachian and Cordilleran Mountain Belts

Lecture summary The Appalachian Mountain Belt - handout Formation of the Appalachians - handout The Cordillera Orogenic Belt - handout Basin and Range block faulting - Fig. 5.9

Week 6 Sept. 30 - Mechanisms of Plate Motions and Geologic Deformation

Lecture summary Ridge Push - Fig. 4.39 Slab Pull - Fig. 4.40 Collisional stress and strain - Fig. 6.2 Tensional stress and strain - Fig. 6.3 Shear stress - Fig. 6.4

Oct. 2 - Plate Tectonics and Deformation/Earthquakes

Lecture summary Example of large folds- Fig. 6.20c Types of folds - Fig. 6.19 Normal faults - Fig. 6.25 Reverse faults - Fig. 6.27 Earthquake focus and epicenter in 3-D - Fig. 7.2 Seismograph - Fig. 7.5 Seismograph record and locating an epicenter- Fig. 7.8

Oct. 4 - Earthquakes 2

Lecture summary First Motion Studies - Fig. 7.24 and 7.25 Modified Mercalli Scale - Table 7.2 Effect of rock type on earthquake intensity - Fig. 1.3 Effect of liquifaction on earthquake resistant structure - Fig. 7.14b Generation of tsunamis - Fig. 7.18

Week 7 Oct. 7 - Earthquakes 3

Lecture summary Seismic Gaps - Box 7.3 Showed slides of folds and faults

Oct. 9 - Geologic Time 1

Lecture summary Using fossil assemblages to determine relative ages - Fig. 8.15 The geologic time scale - Box 8.2

Week 8 Oct. 14 - Geologic Time 2

Lecture summary Geologic Time Scale - Table 8.2 Cretaceous/Tertiary extinction event - Box 8.1 Radioactive decay of Rb

Oct. 16 - Geologic Time 3 Plus Mineralogy

Lecture summary Radioactive decay curve - Fig. 8.19 Representation of geologic time - Fig. 8.22

Oct. 18 - Mineralogy

Lecture summary Stable configuration with full outer electron shell - Fig. 9.4 Electron structure of Na and Cl - Fig. 9.5 Covalent bonding of C in diamond - Box 9.1, Fig. 2 Silical tetrahedron - Fig. 9.7 Sharing of oxygen between 2 silica tetrahedra - Fig. 9.8

Week 9 Oct. 21 - Mineralogy- 2

Oct. 23 - Intrusive Igneous Rocks- 1

Oct. 25 - Review for exam

Week 10 Oct. 28 - Exam 2

Oct. 30 - Movie on Mount Pinatubo

Nov. 1 - Intrusive Rocks- 2

Lecture summary Bowen's reaction series- Fig. 10.16 Geothermal gradients- Fig. 10.13 Formation of basaltic magma at divergent boundaries- Fig. 10.20

Week 11 Nov. 4 - Intrusive Igneous Rocks- 3/Extrusive Igneous Rocks- 1